Overview
Amid ongoing concerns regarding air pollution in the national capital, Delhi has reported an isolated case of Japanese Encephalitis (JE), prompting health authorities to implement necessary public health measures.
Case Details
The reported case involves a 72-year-old man from West Delhi who was admitted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) on November 3, presenting with chest pain. The patient had significant medical history, including diabetes, coronary artery disease, bilateral lower limb weakness, and bowel and bladder incontinence. After undergoing tests, he was diagnosed with Japanese Encephalitis on November 6 and was discharged from the hospital on November 15.
What is Japanese Encephalitis?
Japanese Encephalitis is a viral infection caused by the Japanese Encephalitis virus, primarily transmitted through bites from infected mosquitoes, notably the Culex species. The disease predominantly affects the brain and can lead to severe neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and paralysis.
While the infection is most common in rural areas of Asia—particularly during the monsoon season when mosquito breeding is prevalent—cases can arise in urban settings. In 2024 alone, 1,548 cases of Japanese Encephalitis were reported across 24 states and Union Territories in India, with Assam accounting for the highest number of cases at 925.
Symptoms and Risk Factors
In many instances, those infected with the Japanese Encephalitis virus remain asymptomatic. However, when symptoms do appear, they can range from mild fever to severe neurological complications, including changes in behavior, confusion, convulsions, and coma. For every symptomatic case, there are typically 500 to 1,000 individuals who may carry the virus without exhibiting any signs of illness. Severe cases can lead to permanent brain damage or death.
Prevention and Treatment
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for Japanese Encephalitis. The most effective strategy for prevention is vaccination, particularly in endemic regions. According to central government guidelines, two doses of the vaccine have been included in the Universal Immunisation Programme since 2013, with an adult JE vaccine introduced in high-burden states.
Health Measures and Public Response
Following the identification of the isolated case in Delhi, public health measures have been instituted in accordance with guidelines from the National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC). Health authorities have stated that there is no cause for concern, as no outbreaks have been reported in the region. Occasional isolated cases have previously been recorded at tertiary hospitals, primarily in patients originating from neighboring states.
Conclusion
While the recent case of Japanese Encephalitis in Delhi is notable, health officials are closely monitoring the situation and have urged the public to remain vigilant. The key takeaway is the importance of vaccination and public health measures to prevent the spread of this viral infection.
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